Spices are used significantly in food industries. These substances contain high microbial contamination that causes the spoilage of the products and it is also hazardous for the health of consumers. IRRADIATION is one of the most effective methods to decontaminate spices. In this research, the optimum dose of e-beams to reduce microbial contamination of spices is determined Samples of spices such as: turmeric, black pepper, garlic powder onion powder oregano and spice, were packaged in 10 grams, and they were irradiated at the doses of 0 - 10 kGy by 10 MeV e-beams. After IRRADIATION, the total microbial counts were determined by the pour plating method. The bacterial contamination of different spices was between 105 to 4.7 X107 cfu/gr and the molds count was between 1.8 x 102 to 7.2 X 103 cfu/gr. The survival curve of the bacteria was drawn in terms of bioburden versus the radiation dose rates. By determining the D10 value, the minimum dose for reducing the spices microbial contamination up to the optimum limit, were identified.

In last two-decade preparation of materials by microwave IRRADIATION became subject of interest among scientists and engineers. This method offers several advantages in comparison to conventional method including saving in time and energy. In addition, microwave IRRADIATION is very selective in heating and consequently is very efficient in material processing relative to conventional heating. In the present study the CU2(OH)3NO3, gerhardtit, which is a precursor for the preparation of multicomponet oxide with spinel structure was prepared by microwave IRRADIATION from mixture of aluminum nitrate and copper oxide. The effect of IRRADIATION time and the mole ratio of substrates in the preparation of gerhardtit have been investigated. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results compared to the data obtained for the same material, prepared by conventional heating.

Sampling and determination of seaweed biomass was carried out in the Oman Sea coasts along the intertidal waters of Sistan & Baluchistan province stretching 300Km from Guater area to JOOD from October 2001 to September 2002. The regions covered included Guater, Passabandar, Beris, Kachoo, Ramin, Chabahar, Pozm, Gurdim, Tang, and JOOD as sampling stations from east to west. The intertidal zone was determined by measuring and recording of geographical positions by GPS. Fifteen transects were aligned randomly each month with equal distance to the coast. All sampling attempts were mad, eby applying quadrats 50x50cm in dimension. The samples were transferred to the lab and the weight of each species was measured after being cleaned, and identified. The biomass of each species per unit area and in the total area was obtained after determining the average weight of species. During the research, 69 species were collected, of which, 16 species were green algae, 18 species were brown algae and 35 species were red algae. There were some important families including green algae (Ulvaceae & Caulerpaceae), brown algae (Sargassaceae & Dictyotaceae) and red algae (Gracilariaceae, Gelidiaceae and Hypneaceae). Wet biomass of seaweeds in the total area of Sistan & Baluchestan coasts was 10286340.3 kg of which 2645192.1kg (25.7%) were green algae, 2955963.9kg (28.7%) were brown algae and 4685184.2 kg (45.5%) were red algae. The estimated monthly average was 264522.3, 295327.9 and 467089.7Kg for green, brown and red algae respectively. The maximum biomass was 15.4kg/m2 seen in Chabahar and the minimum biomass was 4.9kg/m2 obtained in Pozm.

Genetic diversity in strawberry is low due to its asexual propagation. One method of increasing genetic diversity, as an important tool in plant breeding, is the use of gamma rays to induce mutation. In order to determine the appropriate dosage of gamma IRRADIATION for genetic diversity creation by mutation in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, and to study the influence of various doses of gamma ray (zero (control), 15, 30, 60 and 90 gray) on different traits of strawbery, this research was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2012-2013. Results showed that irradiated plants had a lower rates in comparison to the control plants for most of the studied characteristics, except for number of leaves, fruit sugar and anthocyanin. Leaf area, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit fresh and dried weight, and fruit volume, shape, and juice decreased with an increase in the gamma IRRADIATION dosage. Moreover, multifoliate and dwarfism were increased in the irradiated plants. The appropriate dosage of gamma IRRADIATION for mutation induction in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, for threshold 50% plants mortality (LD50) treated by gamma ray, was approximately 65-70 gray. Therefore, gamma ray intensity in the recommended limit could be used for the highest genetic diversity creation with the lowest plant mortality in strawberry breeding programs such as in fruit quality improvement.

Introduction: Different environmental factors such as drugs, ionizing radiation, etc can induce apoptosis.In the present study the effects of dose- rate and post-IRRADIATION incubation time on gamma radiation inducedapoptosis in human breast carcinoma cell line (T-47D) (Invasive ductal carcinoma) was investigated. Material and Methods: The T-47D cells were cultured in T25 flasks and during log phase of growth,the cells were counted and exposed to 4,8,12 and 16Gy gamma radiation. Untreated and etoposide treated cellsserved as negative and positive controls, respectively. At 24,48 and 72 hours post IRRADIATION, the cells wereharvested and stained with HO/PI and AO/PI for morphological and flow cytometric analysis, respectively.Absolute and relative numbers of live(L), apoptotic (Ap) and dead (D) cells were determined using the abovementioned methods and reported as Mean ± SD. Results: In comparison to normal controls, gamma radiation inhibited growth of T-47D cells in a dose andpost-IRRADIATION incubation time dependent manner which was defined by reduction of cell proliferation justafter exposure that continued for 48 hours and was followed by cell count reduction. The relation between IRRADIATION dose and apoptosis induction was not linear and inverted at 8Gy after 48 hours post IRRADIATION.Therefore, maximum apoptotic response (%) occured during 48 hours after expossure to 8Gy. However,relative numbers of a live and dead cells decreased and increased respectively in a dose and time dependentmanner. Conclusions: The present study revealed that gamma-IRRADIATION could induce apoptosis in T-47D cellline and the rate of apoptosis was radiation dose dependent but this relation was not linear and in higherdoses became inverted . However, cell viability and death were dose and time dependent.